Seventh-day
Adventists accept the Bible as their only creed and hold certain
fundamental beliefs to be the teaching of the Holy Scriptures. These
beliefs, as set forth here, constitute the church's understanding and
expression of the teaching of Scripture. Revision of these statements may
be expected at a General Conference session when the church is led by the
Holy Spirit to a fuller understanding of Bible truth or finds better
language in which to express the teachings of God's Holy Word.
1. The Holy Scriptures:
The Holy Scriptures,
Old and New Testaments, are the written Word of God, given by divine
inspiration through holy men of God who spoke and wrote as they were moved
by the Holy Spirit. In this Word, God has committed to man the knowledge
necessary for salvation. The Holy Scriptures are the infallible revelation
of His will. They are the standard of character, the test of experience,
the authoritative revealer of doctrines, and the trustworthy record of
God's acts in history. (2 Peter 1:20, 21; 2 Tim. 3:16, 17; Ps. 119:105;
Prov. 30:5, 6; Isa. 8:20; John 17:17; 1 Thess. 2:13; Heb. 4:12.)
2. The Trinity:
There is one God: Father, Son, and
Holy Spirit, a unity of three co-eternal Persons. God is immortal,
all-powerful, all-knowing, above all, and ever present. He is infinite and
beyond human comprehension, yet known through His self-revelation. He is
forever worthy of worship, adoration, and service by the whole creation.
(Deut. 6:4; Matt. 28:19; 2 Cor. 13:14; Eph. 4:4-6; 1 Peter 1:2; 1 Tim.
1:17; Rev. 14:7.)
3. The Father:
God the eternal Father is the
Creator, Source, Sustainer, and Sovereign of all creation. He is just and
holy, merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast
love and faithfulness. The qualities and powers exhibited in the Son and
the Holy Spirit are also revelations of the Father. (Gen. 1:1; Rev. 4:11;
1 Cor. 15:28; John 3:16; 1 John 4:8; 1 Tim. 1:17; Ex. 34:6, 7; John
14:9.)
4. The Son:
God the eternal Son became incarnate
in Jesus Christ. Through Him all things were created, the character of God
is revealed, the salvation of humanity is accomplished, and the world is
judged. Forever truly God, He became also truly man, Jesus the Christ. He
was conceived of the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary. He lived and
experienced temptation as a human being, but perfectly exemplified the
righteousness and love of God. By His miracles He manifested God's power
and was attested as God's promised Messiah. He suffered and died
voluntarily on the cross for our sins and in our place, was raised from
the dead, and ascended to minister in the heavenly sanctuary in our
behalf. He will come again in glory for the final deliverance of His
people and the restoration of all things. (John 1:1-3, 14; Col. 1:15-19;
John 10:30; 14:9; Rom. 6:23; 2 Cor. 5:17-19; John 5:22; Luke 1:35; Phil.
2:5-11; Heb. 2:9-18; 1 Cor. 15:3, 4; Heb. 8:1, 2; John 14:1-3.)
5. The Holy Spirit:
God the eternal Spirit was
active with the Father and the Son in Creation, incarnation, and
redemption. He inspired the writers of Scripture. He filled Christ's life
with power. He draws and convicts human beings; and those who respond He
renews and transforms into the image of God. Sent by the Father and the
Son to be always with His children, He extends spiritual gifts to the
church, empowers it to bear witness to Christ, and in harmony with the
Scriptures leads it into all truth. (Gen. 1:1, 2; Luke 1:35; 4:18; Acts
10:38; 2 Peter 1:21; 2 Cor. 3:18; Eph. 4:11, 12; Acts 1:8; John 14:16-18,
26; 15:26, 27; 16:7-13.)
6. Creation:
God is Creator of all things, and has
revealed in Scripture the authentic account of His creative activity. In
six days the Lord made "the heaven and the earth" and all living things
upon the earth, and rested on the seventh day of that first week. Thus He
established the Sabbath as a perpetual memorial of His completed creative
work. The first man and woman were made in the image of God as the
crowning work of Creation, given dominion over the world, and charged with
responsibility to care for it. When the world was finished it was ``very
good,'' declaring the glory of God. (Gen. 1; 2; Ex. 20:8-11; Ps. 19:1-6;
33:6, 9; 104; Heb. 11:3.)
7. The Nature of Man:
Man and woman were made in
the image of God with individuality, the power and freedom to think and to
do. Though created free beings, each is an indivisible unity of body,
mind, and spirit, dependent upon God for life and breath and all else.
When our first parents disobeyed God, they denied their dependence upon
Him and fell from their high position under God. The image of God in them
was marred and they became subject to death. Their descendants share this
fallen nature and its consequences. They are born with weaknesses and
tendencies to evil. But God in Christ reconciled the world to Himself and
by His Spirit restores in penitent mortals the image of their Maker.
Created for the glory of God, they are called to love Him and one another,
and to care for their environment. (Gen. 1:26-28; 2:7; Ps. 8:4-8; Acts
17:24-28; Gen. 3; Ps. 51:5; Rom. 5:12-17; 2 Cor. 5:19, 20; Ps. 51:10; 1
John 4:7, 8, 11, 20; Gen. 2:15.)
8. The Great Controversy:
All humanity is now
involved in a great controversy between Christ and Satan regarding the
character of God, His law, and His sovereignty over the universe. This
conflict originated in heaven when a created being, endowed with freedom
of choice, in self-exaltation became Satan, God's adversary, and led into
rebellion a portion of the angels. He introduced the spirit of rebellion
into this world when he led Adam and Eve into sin. This human sin resulted
in the distortion of the image of God in humanity, the disordering of the
created world, and its eventual devastation at the time of the worldwide
flood. Observed by the whole creation, this world became the arena of the
universal conflict, out of which the God of love will ultimately be
vindicated. To assist His people in this controversy, Christ sends the
Holy Spirit and the loyal angels to guide, protect, and sustain them in
the way of salvation. (Rev. 12:4-9; Isa. 14:12-14; Eze. 28:12-18; Gen. 3;
Rom. 1:19-32; 5:12-21; 8:19-22; Gen. 6-8; 2 Peter 3:6; 1 Cor. 4:9; Heb.
1:14.)
9. The Life, Death, and Resurrection of Christ:
In
Christ's life of perfect obedience to God's will, His suffering, death,
and resurrection, God provided the only means of atonement for human sin,
so that those who by faith accept this atonement may have eternal life,
and the whole creation may better understand the infinite and holy love of
the Creator. This perfect atonement vindicates the righteousness of God's
law and the graciousness of His character; for it both condemns our sin
and provides for our forgiveness. The death of Christ is substitutionary
and expiatory, reconciling and transforming. The resurrection of Christ
proclaims God's triumph over the forces of evil, and for those who accept
the atonement assures their final victory over sin and death. It declares
the Lordship of Jesus Christ, before whom every knee in heaven and on
earth will bow. (John 3:16; Isa. 53; 1 Peter 2:21, 22; 1 Cor. 15:3, 4,
20-22; 2 Cor. 5:14, 15, 19-21; Rom. 1:4; 3:25; 4:25; 8:3, 4; 1 John 2:2;
4:10; Col. 2:15; Phil. 2:6-11.)
10. The Experience of Salvation:
In infinite love
and mercy God made Christ, who knew no sin, to be sin for us, so that in
Him we might be made the righteousness of God. Led by the Holy Spirit we
sense our need, acknowledge our sinfulness, repent of our transgressions,
and exercise faith in Jesus as Lord and Christ, as Substitute and Example.
This faith which receives salvation comes through the divine power of the
Word and is the gift of God's grace. Through Christ we are justified,
adopted as God's sons and daughters, and delivered from the lordship of
sin. Through the Spirit we are born again and sanctified; the Spirit
renews our minds, writes God's law of love in our hearts, and we are given
the power to live a holy life. Abiding in Him we become partakers of the
divine nature and have the assurance of salvation now and in the judgment.
(2 Cor. 5:17-21; John 3:16; Gal. 1:4; 4:4-7; Titus 3:3-7; John 16:8; Gal.
3:13, 14; 1 Peter 2:21, 22; Rom. 10:17; Luke 17:5; Mark 9:23, 24; Eph.
2:5-10; Rom. 3:21-26; Col. 1:13, 14; Rom. 8:14-17; Gal. 3:26; John 3:3-8;
1 Peter 1:23; Rom. 12:2; Heb. 8:7-12; Eze. 36:25-27; 2 Peter 1:3, 4; Rom.
8:1-4; 5:6-10.)
11. Growing in Christ:
By His death on the cross
Jesus triumphed over the forces of evil. He who subjugated the demonic
spirits during His earthly ministry has broken their power and made
certain their ultimate doom. Jesus' victory gives us victory over the evil
forces that still seek to control us, as we walk with Him in peace, joy,
and assurance of His love. Now the Holy Spirit dwells within us and
empowers us. Continually committed to Jesus as our Saviour and Lord, we
are set free from the burden of our past deeds. No longer do we live in
the darkness, fear of evil powers, ignorance, and meaninglessness of our
former way of life. In this new freedom in Jesus, we are called to grow
into the likeness of His character, communing with Him daily in prayer,
feeding on His Word, meditating on it and on His providence, singing His
praises, gathering together for worship, and participating in the mission
of the Church. As we give ourselves in loving service to those around us
and in witnessing to His salvation, His constant presence with us through
the Spirit transforms every moment and every task into a spiritual
experience. (Ps 1:1, 2; 23:4; 77:11, 12; Col 1:13, 14; 2:6, 14, 15; Luke
10:17-20; Eph 5:19, 20; 6:12-18; 1 Thess 5:23; 2 Peter 2:9; 3:18; 2 Cor.
3:17, 18; Phil 3:7-14; 1 Thess 5:16-18; Matt 20:25-28; John 20:21; Gal
5:22-25; Rom 8:38, 39; 1 John 4:4; Heb 10:25.)
12. The
Church:
The church is the community of believers who confess
Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour. In continuity with the people of God in
Old Testament times, we are called out from the world; and we join
together for worship, for fellowship, for instruction in the Word, for the
celebration of the Lord's Supper, for service to all mankind, and for the
worldwide proclamation of the gospel. The church derives its authority
from Christ, who is the incarnate Word, and from the Scriptures, which are
the written Word. The church is God's family; adopted by Him as children,
its members live on the basis of the new covenant. The church is the body
of Christ, a community of faith of which Christ Himself is the Head. The
church is the bride for whom Christ died that He might sanctify and
cleanse her. At His return in triumph, He will present her to Himself a
glorious church, the faithful of all the ages, the purchase of His blood,
not having spot or wrinkle, but holy and without blemish. (Gen. 12:3; Acts
7:38; Eph. 4:11-15; 3:8-11; Matt. 28:19, 20; 16:13-20; 18:18; Eph.
2:19-22; 1:22, 23; 5:23-27; Col. 1:17, 18.)
13. The Remnant and Its Mission:
The universal
church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ, but in the last
days, a time of widespread apostasy, a remnant has been called out to keep
the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus. This remnant announces the
arrival of the judgment hour, proclaims salvation through Christ, and
heralds the approach of His second advent. This proclamation is symbolized
by the three angels of Revelation 14; it coincides with the work of
judgment in heaven and results in a work of repentance and reform on
earth. Every believer is called to have a personal part in this worldwide
witness. (Rev. 12:17; 14:6-12; 18:1-4; 2 Cor. 5:10; Jude 3, 14; 1 Peter
1:16-19; 2 Peter 3:10-14; Rev. 21:1-14.)
14. Unity in the Body of Christ:
The church is one
body with many members, called from every nation, kindred, tongue, and
people. In Christ we are a new creation; distinctions of race, culture,
learning, and nationality, and differences between high and low, rich and
poor, male and female, must not be divisive among us. We are all equal in
Christ, who by one Spirit has bonded us into one fellowship with Him and
with one another; we are to serve and be served without partiality or
reservation. Through the revelation of Jesus Christ in the Scriptures we
share the same faith and hope, and reach out in one witness to all. This
unity has its source in the oneness of the triune God, who has adopted us
as His children. (Rom. 12:4, 5; 1 Cor. 12:12-14; Matt. 28:19, 20; Ps.
133:1; 2 Cor. 5:16, 17; Acts 17:26, 27; Gal. 3:27, 29; Col. 3:10-15; Eph.
4:14-16; 4:1-6; John 17:20-23.)
15. Baptism:
By baptism we confess our faith in the
death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and testify of our death to sin
and of our purpose to walk in newness of life. Thus we acknowledge Christ
as Lord and Saviour, become His people, and are received as members by His
church. Baptism is a symbol of our union with Christ, the forgiveness of
our sins, and our reception of the Holy Spirit. It is by immersion in
water and is contingent on an affirmation of faith in Jesus and evidence
of repentance of sin. It follows instruction in the Holy Scriptures and
acceptance of their teachings. (Rom. 6:1-6; Col. 2:12, 13; Acts 16:30-33;
22:16; 2:38; Matt. 28:19, 20.)
16. The Lord's Supper:
The Lord's Supper is a
participation in the emblems of the body and blood of Jesus as an
expression of faith in Him, our Lord and Saviour. In this experience of
communion Christ is present to meet and strengthen His people. As we
partake, we joyfully proclaim the Lord's death until He comes again.
Preparation for the Supper includes self-examination, repentance, and
confession. The Master ordained the service of foot washing to signify
renewed cleansing, to express a willingness to serve one another in
Christlike humility, and to unite our hearts in love. The communion
service is open to all believing Christians. (1 Cor. 10:16, 17; 11:23-30;
Matt. 26:17-30; Rev. 3:20; John 6:48-63; 13:1-17.)
17. Spiritual Gifts and Ministries:
God bestows
upon all members of His church in every age spiritual gifts which each
member is to employ in loving ministry for the common good of the church
and of humanity. Given by the agency of the Holy Spirit, who apportions to
each member as He wills, the gifts provide all abilities and ministries
needed by the church to fulfill its divinely ordained functions. According
to the Scriptures, these gifts include such ministries as faith, healing,
prophecy, proclamation, teaching, administration, reconciliation,
compassion, and self-sacrificing service and charity for the help and
encouragement of people. Some members are called of God and endowed by the
Spirit for functions recognized by the church in pastoral, evangelistic,
apostolic, and teaching ministries particularly needed to equip the
members for service, to build up the church to spiritual maturity, and to
foster unity of the faith and knowledge of God. When members employ these
spiritual gifts as faithful stewards of God's varied grace, the church is
protected from the destructive influence of false doctrine, grows with a
growth that is from God, and is built up in faith and love. (Rom. 12:4-8;
1 Cor. 12:9-11, 27, 28; Eph. 4:8, 11-16; Acts 6:1-7; 1 Tim. 3:1-13; 1
Peter 4:10, 11.)
18. The Gift of Prophecy:
One of the gifts of the
Holy Spirit is prophecy. This gift is an identifying mark of the remnant
church and was manifested in the ministry of Ellen. G. White . As the
Lord's messenger, her writings are a continuing and authoritative source
of truth which provide for the church comfort, guidance, instruction, and
correction. They also make clear that the Bible is the standard by which
all teaching and experience must be tested. (Joel 2:28, 29; Acts 2:14-21;
Heb. 1:1-3; Rev. 12:17; 19:10.)
19. The Law of God:
The great principles of God's
law are embodied in the Ten Commandments and exemplified in the life of
Christ. They express God's love, will, and purposes concerning human
conduct and relationships and are binding upon all people in every age.
These precepts are the basis of God's covenant with His people and the
standard in God's judgment. Through the agency of the Holy Spirit they
point out sin and awaken a sense of need for a Saviour. Salvation is all
of grace and not of works, but its fruitage is obedience to the
Commandments. This obedience develops Christian character and results in a
sense of well-being. It is an evidence of our love for the Lord and our
concern for our fellow men. The obedience of faith demonstrates the power
of Christ to transform lives, and therefore strengthens Christian witness.
(Ex. 20:1-17; Ps. 40:7, 8; Matt. 22:36-40; Deut. 28:1-14; Matt. 5:17-20;
Heb. 8:8-10; John 15:7-10; Eph. 2:8-10; 1 John 5:3; Rom. 8:3, 4; Ps.
19:7-14.)
20. The Sabbath:
The beneficent Creator, after the
six days of Creation, rested on the seventh day and instituted the Sabbath
for all people as a memorial of Creation. The fourth commandment of God's
unchangeable law requires the observance of this seventh-day Sabbath as
the day of rest, worship, and ministry in harmony with the teaching and
practice of Jesus, the Lord of the Sabbath. The Sabbath is a day of
delightful communion with God and one another. It is a symbol of our
redemption in Christ, a sign of our sanctification, a token of our
allegiance, and a foretaste of our eternal future in God's kingdom. The
Sabbath is God's perpetual sign of His eternal covenant between Him and
His people. Joyful observance of this holy time from evening to evening,
sunset to sunset, is a celebration of God's creative and redemptive acts.
(Gen. 2:1-3; Ex. 20:8-11; Luke 4:16; Isa. 56:5, 6; 58:13, 14; Matt.
12:1-12; Ex. 31:13-17; Eze. 20:12, 20; Deut. 5:12-15; Heb. 4:1-11; Lev.
23:32; Mark 1:32.)
21. Stewardship:
We are God's stewards, entrusted
by Him with time and opportunities, abilities and possessions, and the
blessings of the earth and its resources. We are responsible to Him for
their proper use. We acknowledge God's ownership by faithful service to
Him and our fellow men, and by returning tithes and giving offerings for
the proclamation of His gospel and the support and growth of His church.
Stewardship is a privilege given to us by God for nurture in love and the
victory over selfishness and covetousness. The steward rejoices in the
blessings that come to others as a result of his faithfulness. (Gen.
1:26-28; 2:15; 1 Chron. 29:14; Haggai 1:3-11; Mal. 3:8-12; 1 Cor. 9:9-14;
Matt. 23:23; 2 Cor. 8:1-15; Rom. 15:26, 27.)
22. Christian Behavior:
We are called to be a
godly people who think, feel, and act in harmony with the principles of
heaven. For the Spirit to recreate in us the character of our Lord we
involve ourselves only in those things which will produce Christlike
purity, health, and joy in our lives. This means that our amusement and
entertainment should meet the highest standards of Christian taste and
beauty. While recognizing cultural differences, our dress is to be simple,
modest, and neat, befitting those whose true beauty does not consist of
outward adornment but in the imperishable ornament of a gentle and quiet
spirit. It also means that because our bodies are the temples of the Holy
Spirit, we are to care for them intelligently. Along with adequate
exercise and rest, we are to adopt the most healthful diet possible and
abstain from the unclean foods identified in the Scriptures. Since
alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and the irresponsible use of drugs and
narcotics are harmful to our bodies, we are to abstain from them as well.
Instead, we are to engage in whatever brings our thoughts and bodies into
the discipline of Christ, who desires our wholesomeness, joy, and
goodness. (Rom. 12:1, 2; 1 John 2:6; Eph. 5:1-21; Phil. 4:8; 2 Cor. 10:5;
6:14-7:1; 1 Peter 3:1-4; 1 Cor. 6:19, 20; 10:31; Lev. 11:1-47; 3 John
2.)
23. Marriage and the Family:
Marriage was divinely
established in Eden and affirmed by Jesus to be a lifelong union between a
man and a woman in loving companionship. For the Christian a marriage
commitment is to God as well as to the spouse, and should be entered into
only between partners who share a common faith. Mutual love, honor,
respect, and responsibility are the fabric of this relationship, which is
to reflect the love, sanctity, closeness, and permanence of the
relationship between Christ and His church. Regarding divorce, Jesus
taught that the person who divorces a spouse, except for fornication, and
marries another, commits adultery. Although some family relationships may
fall short of the ideal, marriage partners who fully commit themselves to
each other in Christ may achieve loving unity through the guidance of the
Spirit and the nurture of the church. God blesses the family and intends
that its members shall assist each other toward complete maturity. Parents
are to bring up their children to love and obey the Lord. By their example
and their words they are to teach them that Christ is a loving
disciplinarian, ever tender and caring, who wants them to become members
of His body, the family of God. Increasing family closeness is one of the
earmarks of the final gospel message. (Gen. 2:18-25; Matt. 19:3-9; John
2:1-11; 2 Cor. 6:14; Eph. 5:21-33; Matt. 5:31, 32; Mark 10:11, 12; Luke
16:18; 1 Cor. 7:10, 11; Ex. 20:12; Eph. 6:1-4; Deut. 6:5-9; Prov. 22:6;
Mal. 4:5, 6.)
24. Christ's Ministry in the Heavenly Sanctuary:
There is a sanctuary in heaven, the true tabernacle which the Lord set
up and not man. In it Christ ministers on our behalf, making available to
believers the benefits of His atoning sacrifice offered once for all on
the cross. He was inaugurated as our great High Priest and began His
intercessory ministry at the time of His ascension. In 1844, at the end of
the prophetic period of 2300 days, He entered the second and last phase of
His atoning ministry. It is a work of investigative judgment which is part
of the ultimate disposition of all sin, typified by the cleansing of the
ancient Hebrew sanctuary on the Day of Atonement. In that typical service
the sanctuary was cleansed with the blood of animal sacrifices, but the
heavenly things are purified with the perfect sacrifice of the blood of
Jesus. The investigative judgment reveals to heavenly intelligences who
among the dead are asleep in Christ and therefore, in Him, are deemed
worthy to have part in the first resurrection. It also makes manifest who
among the living are abiding in Christ, keeping the commandments of God
and the faith of Jesus, and in Him, therefore, are ready for translation
into His everlasting kingdom. This judgment vindicates the justice of God
in saving those who believe in Jesus. It declares that those who have
remained loyal to God shall receive the kingdom. The completion of this
ministry of Christ will mark the close of human probation before the
Second Advent. (Heb. 8:1-5; 4:14-16; 9:11-28; 10:19-22; 1:3; 2:16, 17;
Dan. 7:9-27; 8:13, 14; 9:24-27; Num. 14:34; Eze. 4:6; Lev. 16; Rev. 14:6,
7; 20:12; 14:12; 22:12.)
25. The Second Coming of Christ:
The second coming
of Christ is the blessed hope of the church, the grand climax of the
gospel. The Saviour's coming will be literal, personal, visible, and
worldwide. When He returns, the righteous dead will be resurrected, and
together with the righteous living will be glorified and taken to heaven,
but the unrighteous will die. The almost complete fulfillment of most
lines of prophecy, together with the present condition of the world,
indicates that Christ's coming is imminent. The time of that event has not
been revealed, and we are therefore exhorted to be ready at all times.
(Titus 2:13; Heb. 9:28; John 14:1-3; Acts 1:9-11; Matt. 24:14; Rev. 1:7;
Matt. 24:43, 44; 1 Thess. 4:13-18; 1 Cor. 15:51-54; 2 Thess. 1:7-10; 2:8;
Rev. 14:14-20; 19:11-21; Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 21; 2 Tim. 3:1-5; 1
Thess. 5:1-6.)
26. Death and Resurrection:
The wages of sin is
death. But God, who alone is immortal, will grant eternal life to His
redeemed. Until that day death is an unconscious state for all people.
When Christ, who is our life, appears, the resurrected righteous and the
living righteous will be glorified and caught up to meet their Lord. The
second resurrection, the resurrection of the unrighteous, will take place
a thousand years later. (Rom. 6:23; 1 Tim. 6:15, 16; Eccl. 9:5, 6; Ps.
146:3, 4; John 11:11-14; Col. 3:4; 1 Cor. 15:51-54; 1 Thess. 4:13-17; John
5:28, 29; Rev. 20:1-10.)
27. The Millennium and the End of Sin:
The
millennium is the thousand-year reign of Christ with His saints in heaven
between the first and second resurrections. During this time the wicked
dead will be judged; the earth will be utterly desolate, without living
human inhabitants, but occupied by Satan and his angels. At its close
Christ with His saints and the Holy City will descend from heaven to
earth. The unrighteous dead will then be resurrected, and with Satan and
his angels will surround the city; but fire from God will consume them and
cleanse the earth. The universe will thus be freed of sin and sinners
forever. (Rev. 20; 1 Cor. 6:2, 3; Jer. 4:23-26; Rev. 21:1-5; Mal. 4:1;
Eze. 28:18, 19.)
28. The New Earth:
On the new earth, in which
righteousness dwells, God will provide an eternal home for the redeemed
and a perfect environment for everlasting life, love, joy, and learning in
His presence. For here God Himself will dwell with His people, and
suffering and death will have passed away. The great controversy will be
ended, and sin will be no more. All things, animate and inanimate, will
declare that God is love; and He shall reign forever. Amen. (2 Peter 3:13;
Isa. 35; 65:17-25; Matt. 5:5; Rev. 21:1-7; 22:1-5; 11:15.)